An Automated Requirements Traceability Managing Evolving...

Requirements traceability turns into essential principle in software engineering due to the needs to address evolving requirements in software system development. Requirements traceability helps to identify whether the entire requirements have been implemented consistently. However, the task to provide manual requirements traceability tends to become a costly and time-consuming procedure. It is unwise to invest the resources for manual monitoring and updating the traceability link in the requirements document. This work presents a solution for this problem by proposing an approach that uses an ontology-based knowledge representation along with information retrieval techniques. Ontology-based approach is used due to its ability to automatically generate the relationship among requirements concepts. In conclusion, the proposed approach is able to identify missing, broken or even new traceability links between the requirements artifacts. 1. Introduction The advancement of technology and the growth of user expectations lead to the changing environment in the software system development. In the consequence of changing environment, the developer usually faces the evolving requirements during the software deployment phase. The evolving requirements usually rise in the response to the changing of stakeholder needs or the missing part in the initial analysis. These changes result in the need of reconfiguring, troubleshooting, and even deleting the requirements. Most often, they

The Growth Of Teenage Obesity Essay - 1309 Words

Introduction The growth in teenage obesity in the course of recent decades, together with the related health issues and expenses, is growing serious concern among parents and health care professionals. This research paper begins by studying research on energy intake, energy expenditure, and â€Å"energy balance,† observing that teenagers who consume extra â€Å"empty calories† and spend fewer calories by performing physical activity are more liable to be obese than other teenagers. Most importantly changes are seen in environment of school, environment of society (community), food market, childcare, parents’ role towards their kids. With the changes that affect children s energy intake are the rising accessibility of high-calorie foods and drinks within schools. Working parents with two or more jobs or single parent have increased the demand of ready made food or food from stores. A host of considerations have also added to declines in energy spending. Nowadays kids are less likely to go to school by walking and prefer traveling in a car. Children in 1970s were more encouraged to walk to school than traveling in cars. Now children are more comfortable watching television sitting in front of it and spending time on computers rather than playing outdoor games. The hike in teenage obesity has captured the full attention of parents and healthcare professionals. Everyone is worried that today’s obese and overweight children will be tomorrow’s obese and overweight adults. And these adultsShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Teenage Obesity Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage obesity is rising significantly not only in the New Zealand but all throughout the world. It is growing epidemic and it’s a terrible thing. Watching a teenager wobble around all day out of breath and struggling to manage the stairs at school something no one should ever witness but with 18%⠁ ´ of teenagers obese it’s becoming a more common site everyday. 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ThereforeRead More Adolescent Nutrition Essay635 Words   |  3 Pagesadolescence there is a high susceptibility to nutritional deficiencies and poor eating habits. This may lead to problems later on in life such as osteoporosis, obesity, hyperlipedemia, sexual maturation delays, and final adult height. The development of eating disorders is also prominent during this time. Adolescents require extra nutrients due to a growth spurt, which girls experience during the ages of 10 or 11, reaches its peak at age 12 and is completed by about age 15. In boys, it begins at 12 or 13Read MoreThe Effects Of Television On Childhood Obesity1337 Words   |  6 PagesTelevision on Childhood Obesity Essay It is evident that the rate of obesity is steadily increasing in North America and has reached an all-time high (Novonty 2015). This is due to the lack of physical activity, increased consumption level of unhealthy foods, and the prominent amount of exposure to media such as Television (TV). Although TV has not been proven to be a direct cause for obesity, it does however contribute to the development of children and adolescence obesity due to TV s effect onRead MoreAdolescence Is The Most Important Stages Of Human Development1282 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological stage of adolescence is crucial because it physically forms the child into an adult. When the child goes through puberty they are metaphorically and literally leaving their childhood behind. Puberty is the stage where children experience growth spurts, fertility, and sexual maturation. This change generally occurs between the ages of 9 to 13 and 11 to 15 for females and males respectively (ReCAPP 2007). When the body is maturing from child to adult, physical features and internal (hormones)Read MoreObesity Is A Common Problem1222 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the world, obesity is a common problem. This is especially true for the United States. About 22 million children were obese at the age of five in 2007 (Stern and Kazaks 1), and this trend keeps growing every year. Effects of obesity control quality of life from something as simple as ease of mobility to as serious as mental health issues regarding low self-esteem. The negative impact of obesity influences daily life from breaking down traditional family meals, the amount of physical activityRead MoreDeciding to Make Right Lifestyle Changing Decisions715 Words   |  3 Pagesthe present day when the young people face the threat of lifestyle diseases, a choice to avoid habits that lead cause obesity and other harms to their wellbeing would be a major life decision in the life of a youth. Most of the activities that threaten the physical and mental well being of youths are among the few interesting hobbies that make their lives interesting. 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Business proposal for Papadeaux Free Essays

Pudenda is a successful upscale casual restaurant concept with a loyal following. But no restaurant is immune to the highly competitive climate of the industry. Recent studies have shown the upscale casual segment losing market share to both fast and traditional casual restaurants. We will write a custom essay sample on Business proposal for Papadeaux or any similar topic only for you Order Now They also show that consumers find value in upscale casual dining by weighing the food quality and the overall experience against the relatively higher price (Techno, Inc. 2013). We analyzed customer reviews to discern what Pederasty’s guests are responding to In terms of value. Based on this analysis, customers respond overwhelmingly positively to food quality, and food quality Is the most critical factor In their value calculation. Price Is still an issue, even those delighted by food quality comment on high prices. Customer comments also suggest that portion sizes may be overly large, and that the investment in large portions is out of step with its importance to the guests. Pudenda may benefit from featuring new menu items with reduced portion and price. Such offerings at other restaurants have led to increased traffic, revenue, and per person average (APP) (Jennings 2008). . Industry background Casual dining has grown over the last thirty years along with tremendous growth in American’s restaurant spending. Half of every food dollar In this country is spent in restaurants, which Is double the spending level In the ass’s (Pocket Fastback, 2013). The recession has made a competitive Industry even more competitive. A recent Techno survey on casual dining revealed a three tiered system divided Into fast casual, traditional casual, and upscale casual, with consumers trading up and down between these levels based on their needs and perceptions of value. 5% of those surveyed reported visiting a fast casual restaurant in the past month, 80% had visited a traditional casual restaurant, and 40% reported eating at an upscale casual restaurant. 41% of those surveyed reported finding value in upscale casual when weighing food quality and overall experience against the relatively higher price (Techno, Inc. 2013). The issue for operators in upscale casual is getting consumers to trade up, and to trade up more frequently. 3. Pudenda Seafood Kitchen Pappas Restaurants began In 1 966, when brothers Chris and Harris Pappas opened Dot’s Coffee Shop In Houston. Today they operate over eighty restaurants across an array of concepts Including BBC, Tex-Meg, and fine dining. All Pappas restaurants are guided by the Standards of Excellence: Providing superior quality food, providing Kitchen, founded in 1986, is an upscale casual dining restaurant featuring gulf coast seafood and Cajun dishes. It has become the company’s largest concept, and is set to absorb Pappas Seafood House, the company’s first upscale casual seafood concept, growing its size in the Houston area by five stores. 4. Review Analysis 4. 1 . Methodology One of the most influential ways information is transmitted is word-of-mouth (Manikin Goods, 2002). Word-of-month has an effect on not only potential customers, but also the satisfaction level of current guests. One of the most powerful methods to generate word-of-mouth is online customer review (Dollars, 2003). A total of 441 postings from Yelp. Mom made between September 2012 and September 2013 for all Pudenda locations, were reviewed for this analysis. Chin et al. (2004) found that recommendations have a positive relationship with sales, while consumer ratings were shown to be unrelated. Therefore our analysis focused on content rather than ratings. Content was divided into four main categories: food, service, value and environment/atmosph ere. Each of these was further divided into subcategories, which were then coded positive or negative based on comment content. 4. 2. Food Food was the most commented on of the major categories. As displayed in Figure 2, the response to food quality was overwhelmingly positive. Comments such as, â€Å"the cocktail shrimp is well seasoned and super fresh,† â€Å"Just about everything on the menu is delicious,† and â€Å"the crayfish fondue is amazing as well as everything on the menu,† indicate that the customers are not only satisfied but also highly delighted. There were more positive comments on food than comments in any of the other categories. 4. 3. Service Restaurants always receive both positive and negative comments and Pudenda is not an exception. A calculation of the number of positive and negative comments on service, however, shows customers are mostly satisfied by the service. Over 75 percent of comments are positive (see Figure 3). Based on the graph and actual comments, we concluded that the gap between expectation and service delivery is mall in Pudenda case. 4. 4. Environment When commenting on environment and atmosphere, guests tended to be less specific when they were positive. Negative comments focused on noise level, crowding complaints, and wait time. The number of these complaints is relatively high compared with the number of positive comments (see Figure 4). This suggests that the atmosphere of Pudenda is more crowded and noisy than guests expect. 4. 5. Value determined by factors such as price and food quality. As seen in Figure 5, roughly half of all comments in this category stated that Pudenda is expensive. Only 37% recent of comments relate that the price is worth the overall experience, however, the percentage of comments stating that the experience is â€Å"not worth it† is much lower. While the latter two categories are mutually exclusive, significant overlap exists between both and the former category. This suggests that while guests’ subjective view of value is affected by the service delivery, their objective view of price is left unaltered. 5. SOOT Analysis 5. 1 . Strengths Pederasty’s greatest strength is consistently providing high quality food and service. Doing so is a stated goal of the company, and guest reviews confirm that Pudenda succeeds in following through on that goal. This achievement has garnered the concept a strong reputation. Many reviewers mentioned being repeat customers, or called the experience, â€Å"excellent as always. † This again speaks for the consistency many strive for in this industry, but few are able to attain. 5. 2. Weaknesses Pederasty’s main competitive weakness is it’s comparatively high prices. Providing high quality food requires an investment in quality products and labor. Seafood is often associated with high costs, because freshness is key to its quality. Additionally, he review analysis found complaints about the atmosphere. Its prices are more similar to lower end fine dining restaurants than its casual dining peers. Pudenda’ more family friendly atmosphere may be at odds with what some expect from the environment when they look at the menu prices. 5. 3. Opportunities Despite high prices, Pudenda receives higher average ratings than its competitors. Its greatest opportunity lies in leveraging its high quality against competitors. Strategies that focus on attracting new customers to trade up from lower priced competitors so that they can experience the difference in quality may rove successful. Based on the high rating and positive comments from the Albuquerque and Phoenix locations, further expansion in the Southwest may be worthwhile. 5. 4. Threats Pederasty’s faces threats from lower priced competitors. High price is a major component leading consumers to dine at upscale casual restaurants less frequently. Large competitors in this group, like Red Lobster, use nationwide promotions offering greater value to increase traffic at their stores. More similarly priced restaurants tend to have a different market focus, and provide a more elegant and less family oriented atmosphere. Guest Perception of Value Figure 6 GAP Analysis A GAP analysis revealed that there was little mismatch between guest expectations and perceptions. The only area for concern was the atmosphere. As stated, complaints in this category were relatively high in proportion to positive comments, suggested the atmosphere is louder and more crowded than many guests expect. Relation to value based commen ts than any type of complaint about atmosphere. Further, price is important factor driving consumers to trade down in the casual dining spectrum. As recommendations are related to sales, comments about price would be taken seriously. While reviews indicate that guests are satisfied, these may not be enough. Oh (2000) found that customers’ perceived value has a greater effect on their intention to return, and, more importantly has a greater effect on their long term patronage. In order to further analyze guests’ perception of value, we returned to online customer reviews. This time, we focused our research on the Houston area locations. Houston was selected because it has more locations than any other area, and, as the place of its founding, the area has the greatest familiarity with both Pudenda and the Pappas brand. We analyzed reviews from both Yelp. Com and Trip Advisor from the same time period, September 2012 through September 2013, a total of 490. Two methods were employed. First, the same coding method as before was used to compare against the early data in order to check for differences. Second, quotes relating to value were pulled from the reviews in order to better understand the range of guest attitudes and determine possible trends. The data from the content analysis was similar to what we saw previously. Roughly half of all value related comments referenced high prices. No new issues turned up in any of the other disagrees, so we proceeded to review quotes pulled from the article. 6. 1 . General Perceptions Guests tended to have a favorable impression of value while also acknowledging the high price, for example, â€Å"Pudenda is a little pricey but very good,† â€Å"The price is not low but it is worth the price for good food and service,† and â€Å"The prices are high but the food is excellent. † These responses are in line with the results from the Techno survey (2013) discussed earlier. It is important to note that over 70% of these quotes specifically mentioned food quality and linked it with a positive impression of value. 6. 2. Price and Negative Behavioral Intention Guests with a negative impression of value tended to express their view in terms of price. Quotes such as, â€Å"Overpriced but okay I guess†¦ â€Å", â€Å"†¦ Over priced mediocre food†, and â€Å"†¦ A little overpriced for what you get,† were typical of this group. In addition, negative comments about price were frequently linked with a negative behavioral intention to return. Most interesting was a subgroup of almost 30%, who specifically expressed that while satisfied, they would return less frequently due to price. Typical quotes in this range included, â€Å"I’ll be back but Rajah Cajun is definitely more affordable and so will be a more frequent stop for me! † and â€Å"The prices have increased steadily and I don’t go as often†¦ â€Å". These quotes are representative of consumers who find value in the quality of the experience, and do trade up to upscale casual, but do so less frequently based solely on price. . 3. Food Quality as the Most Critical Factor Whether guests express a positive or negative perception of value they most frequently link value with their perception of food quality. 70% of positive value impression quotes mentioned food quality, as did 44% of the negative value laity (â€Å"WITH happened to good quality food†¦ â€Å") to those underwhelming with the quality based on price (â€Å"Decent seaf ood but overpriced†, â€Å"Food was fine, but the prices are nuts†), the latter being the most common. Guest comments also suggest that food quality may trump other aspects of the experience in terms of value: â€Å"Great service! Food was okay†¦ Wasn’t worth the $30†, and â€Å"The waiter was nice though†¦ But that still doesn’t make up for the lack in quality. † Combined with the results from the content analysis, it appears that food quality is the most critical factor for these viewers, and by extension Pederasty’s guests. 6. 4. Identifying an Aspect for Improvement As mentioned previously, recommendations matter more than ratings, and recommendations are based on perceptions of value. Positive recommendations tend to be based on positive perception of food quality, however, these recommendations also tend to mention high prices. High prices are why many consumers report visiting upscale casual restaurants less frequently (Techno, Inc. , 2013), and our observations from online reviews confirm price can impact guests’ stated behavioral intention. Based on this, it seems reasonable to assume that lowering prices while maintaining food quality, should lead to improved behavioral intentions and more positive recommendations. But before we explore the validity of that idea, we need to determine if there is any factor that can be changed to allow such a strategy to be entertained. Once again, we turned to the customer reviews, this time examining portion size. 6. 5. Portion Size Pappas Restaurants are known for large portions. Like food quality, it is factor into which money is invested in order to â€Å"wow† the guest. As we saw in the customer views, being â€Å"wowed† is often the line between finding value in the experience and feeling that it is overpriced. Portion size logically contributes to price; therefore we pulled quotes and analyzed them as we did with value-based quotes above. We aimed to determine if the investment in portion size was having the desired effect on guests. Not surprisingly, the reviewers found the portion size to be large: â€Å"the portions were generous†¦ â€Å", â€Å"Huge portions†, and â€Å"†¦ The baked potato is HUGE†¦ â€Å". 30% of the quotes expressed delight. These referred to portions as â€Å"ample† and â€Å"filling†, or mentioned aging a to-go box home (â€Å"l was very happy to have leftovers from this meal! ). 22% were factual statements such as, â€Å"The portion sizes are big like most restaurants in the states†¦ â€Å", or â€Å"l forgot how big the portions are†¦ â€Å". 48%, while not explicitly negative, did express that portion sizes may be overly large. Quotes like, â€Å"†¦ It was Just too big for me to finish! † suggest that portions are too large for guests to finish. One guest felt that they had â€Å"made the mistake of ordering a side salad†, because he was too full to finish his entree. In addition, guests may be lining like they are wasting food they wished to enjoy, a feeling that may be exacerbated by price (â€Å"l felt bad leaving half my lobster on my plate because I was full and it was a bit pricey’). Most of the quotes that fell in this category, and 39% of the overall portion size quotes, dealt with guest behaviors based on large portion have developed ordering behaviors to limit portion size, for example, â€Å"The portions are large, so I always split†, â€Å"l usually have to order a lunch size†, and â€Å"My son and I split a salad and catfish/shrimp plate. Perhaps the most important quote in this roof comes from a review posted on Yelp. Com on January fifteenth, 2013. The guest begins the review by giving background on their relationship with Pudenda: â€Å"As a Native Historian, I’ve enjoyed one of my family’s great traditions of dining at Pudenda to celebrate most any occasion – birthdays, graduations, or Just- because-it’s-the-weekends. Over the years, we’ve gathered at various locations throughout the greater Houston area, but as of lately, this is my frequent location of this chain. They go on to give a glowing paragraph long endorsement of food quality, which concludes with this quote: FYI Just about every dish here has monstrous portions so you wouldn’t be the first to share a plate with someone. † The person writing this article is a champion for the Pudenda brand. She feels a connection to the concept and actively recommends visiting the restaurant. This is meaningful, because in online reviews, recommendations relate to sales, and her recommendation is to share. Guests did not link portion size to value as strongly as they did with food quality. Additionally, explicit complaints portion size was rare, including comments about portion size being too small. This suggests guests view portion size as an enhancement rather than a critical factor when calculating value. While it may be possible that large portion size contributes more greatly to guest delight and it is obscured by reviewers’ choice of language, the fact that almost half of the quotes point to portions being oversized, suggests that they are, in actuality, oversized. . Conclusion 7. 1 . Recommendation Based on our analysis of customer reviews, the investment placed into providing large portions exceeds its relative importance to guests. Guests also report that while they have a largely favorable perception of value, they still find prices to be gig. Food quality was identified by guests as the most critical factor effecting impressions of value. Figure 7 shows their relative positions in terms of investment from the company versus relative importance to guests. By decreasing portion size and lowering prices proportionally, both can be set at new, more appropriate levels without changing food quality. Figure 7 Performance vs.. Importance to Customers Similar strategies have been shown to increase traffic, revenue, and APP. In 2007, they termed â€Å"right portion, right price. † Within a year, these new items were contributing up to 15% of sales per month. They also saw an increase in APP, as more customers were ordering appetizer and deserts. Their success led to the adoption of similar strategies by others, such as Cheesecake Factory and Minim’s Cafe © Innings, 2008). Research from outside the industry suggests that Pudenda may benefit more greatly than others by the implementation of such a strategy. Studies have shown that it grocery stores, high quality food brands gain the most running a promotion with lower prices (Sparkman, 1997). Pudenda has a reputation for high food quality, and it is possible that consumers would view lower prices as a reason to read up, similarly to how they have been shown to behave in grocery stores. . 2. Implementation As large portions are a part of the Pappas brand, and some guests continue to express delight, we suggest maintaining the current menu. New menu items featuring reduced portion and price should be developed and offered separately as has been done by other companies. Tests should be conducted at select locations, and sales can determine their success. In addition, tic kets with the new items should be analyzed to determine if they are contributing to an increase APP. Customer dieback should also be utilized, and can be used to refine the new menu. How to cite Business proposal for Papadeaux, Papers

Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages Process

Question: Discuss about the Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages Process. Answer: Introduction: The exposure can be increased by 10% within a month so that more customers are attracted towards the firm (de Vries, Gensler and Leeflang 2012). The website traffic shall be aimed to increase by 20% within a month so that there are more footfalls and increased awareness. The increased website visits shall begin enthusiasm and develop loyal fans. The engagement may be increased by 15% through social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube and help in greater interaction with the audience and solving doubts. The business can improve its market share by 5% within a month by increasing revenues. The improved market share can help in making the products or services more desirable. The firm sales and profitability is aimed to increase by 10% within a month so that the revenue stays ahead of costs (Kim and Ko 2012). The SEO shall be improved by 10%. The objective is to share a mix of blog posts, relevant links and engaging post by 40%. New customers shall be attracted and the cust omer base shall be expanded by 15%. The brand reputation shall be enhanced. Metrics or Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Return on Investment- The ultimate aim of Momenta is to gain profitability. ROI shall be expressed in percentage and if is positive, it shall prove the effectiveness of the social media campaign. If the sales and revenue are going down, it shall implicate that the social media plan is not working. Conversion rate- This KPI shall measure the ratio of visitors getting converted from desirable ones to the ones buying products from Momenta. The amount of increase in customers can be measured and compare with the current customer base to realize the effectiveness of social media campaigns. The landing pages must be made more attractive for improving conversion rates. This KPI is important as in case of no new customers, the social media ineffectiveness can be assessed. Interaction and Engagement- It is important to interact with the customers to improve or make changes in the offerings. The firm must observe the bounce rate and time spent on the website is an indicator of how engaging the content is. The page views can also be measured to get a sign of audience engagement. Heat maps and click patterns can help in optimizing content and understand the content critical to the audience. Engagement as a KPI is important because in case of low impact of social media, engagement shall be low. Degree of Involvement- The measure of involvement helps in measuring active communication of the customers with Momenta. Facebook has a popular way of measuring the sentiments through comments. This enables two-way conversation and help in discussion. With just a few social shares, the reach of content can expand exponentially at an amazing rate. Sentiment as a KPI is important because in case of low impact of social media, discussions shall be low (Malthouse et al. 2013). Following is the Gantt Chart that represents a timeline of the activities that shall be conducted in the given timeframe- Particulars Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Creation of social media objective and goals Conducting social media audit Improving social accounts Getting inspiration from competitors and clients Creating a content plan Testing, evaluation and adjustment of social media marketing plan Creation of social media objective and goals- The first activity is to establish the objectives that have to be attained with the social media marketing. The objectives have been mentioned in the first section. The metrics such as Likes, Retweets, revenue and many others have to be established. Conducting social media audit- The current social media use must be audited, if any. A spreadsheet shall be created and the details of all social networks such as time spent, basic objective of social media needs to be stated. The target audience that can be considered for the marketing process and the content required for it. Improving social accounts- After completing the audit, the social accounts must be improved by optimizing SEO and generating more web traffic to the online properties. Cross-promoting social accounts can also be done. Getting inspiration from competitors and clients- Other famous brands such as Coca-Cola, Virgin, General Electric and various other multinationals must be observed and studied thoroughly so that inspiration can be taken from them. Their habits of sharing and using the social media must be followed. Creating a content plan- Content creation and curation must be done such as the type of content, frequency of posting content, target audience, person creating the content and promotion of content must be formulated. Testing, evaluation and adjustment of social media marketing plan- The number of clicks, page visits and tracking success of social campaigns. The success and failures must be recorded so that necessary adjustment can be made in developing further campaigns (Peters et al. 2013). Deliverables Blogs 1000 posts shall be generated using Blogs. 500 social shares shall be generated. The audience growth for both unique and return visitors shall increase by 15%. There shall be SEO improvement by 5%. Facebook The website traffic shall increase by 15%. The number of page followers shall increase by 20%. The number of shares generation shall be over 500. The number of likes generated shall be over 1500. Twitter The number of mentions and retweets shall be over 1500. The number of favourite tweets shall increase up to 700. The number of followers of the page shall increase by 20%. YouTube The number of views shall be over 3000. The number of shares shall be over 1000. Budget Following table represents the budget that may be used by the firm for social media marketing plan implementation- Category Amount (SGD) Content Creation Graphics Writing Video S$ 45 Social Engagement Twitter Facebook YouTube S$ 200 Social Advertising Twitter Facebook YouTube S$ 30 Promotions S$ 100 Software Tools Scheduling Monitoring Analytics S$ 65 Total Amount (SGD) S$ 440 The above budget is necessary to conduct social media marketing effectively. References de Vries, L., Gensler, S. and Leeflang, P., 2012. Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages: An Investigation of the Effects of Social Media Marketing.Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(2), pp.83-91. Kim, A. and Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand.Journal of Business Research, 65(10), pp.1480-1486. Malthouse, E., Haenlein, M., Skiera, B., Wege, E. and Zhang, M., 2013. Managing Customer Relationships in the Social Media Era: Introducing the Social CRM House.Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27(4), pp.270-280. Paniagua, J. and Sapena, J., 2014. Business performance and social media: Love or hate?.Business Horizons, 57(6), pp.719-728. Peters, K., Chen, Y., Kaplan, A., Ognibeni, B. and Pauwels, K., 2013. Social Media Metrics A Framework and Guidelines for Managing Social Media.Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27(4), pp.281-298.

The London Blitz Essays - The Blitz, Battle Of Britain,

The London Blitz In September of 1940 through May of 1941 there was a strategic bombing attack that was lead by the Germans targeted towards London and other cities located in England, this was known as The Blitz. The Germans aimed the bombs mostly at populated cities, dock yards, and factories. The bombing on London began on September 7, 1940 and lasted for 57 consecutive nights. During these nights of bombing people took shelter in warehouse basements, and in underground subway stations with no privacy and poor sanitation facilities. British radar, detected the huge formation, the Observer Corps started to count the mass of German bombers in the sky, then came a warning call, One hundred plus bandits approaching... Fighter Command could do nothing but scramble all twenty two squadrons around London and they vectored towards Thames Haven and Tilbury. ......all we could see was row upon row of German raiders heading for London. I have never seen so many aircraft in the air all at the same time.....The escorting fighters saw us at once and came down like a ton of bricks, when the squadron split up and the sky became a seething cauldron of aeroplanes, swooping and swerving in and out of the vapour trails and tracer smoke. A Hurricane on fire spun out of control ahead of me while above to my right, a 110 flashed across my vision and disappeared into the fog of the battle before I could draw a bead on it. Everyone was shouting at once and the earphones became filled with a meaningless cacophony of jumbled noises. Everything became a maelstrom of jumbled impression - a Dornier spinning wildly with part of its port mainplane missing; black streaks of tracer ahead, when I put my arm up to shield my face; taking a breather when the haze absorbed me for a moment..... 1 The main reason for all of this bombing was to break up the morale of the British people so Hitler could pressure Churchill into negotiating. To Hitlers surprise the bombing had an opposite effect. The bombing actually brought the English people together. Between five and six o'clock on the evening of Saturday 7th September, some 320 German bombers supported by over 600 fighters flew up the Thames and proceeded to bomb Woolwich Arsenal, Beckton gas Works, a large number of docks, West Ham Power Station, and then the city, Westminster and Kensington. They succeeded in causing a serious fire situation in the docks. An area about 1? square miles between North Woolwich Road and the Thames was almost destroyed, and the population of Silvertown was surrounded by fire and had to be evacuated by water. At 8.10pm some 250 bombers resumed the attack which was maintained until 4.30 on Sunday morning. They caused 9 conflagrations, 59 large fires, and nearly 1,000 lesser fires. Three main line railway termini were put out of action, and 430 persons killed and some 1,600 seriously injured. After the fire brigades had spent all day in an effort to deprive the enemy of illumination, some 200 bombers returned in the evening (Sunday 8th) to carry on the assault. During this second night a further 412 persons were killed and 747 seriously injured, and damage included the temporary stoppage of every railway line in the south. 2 Many people thought that the first day of bombing was the worst, but infact they didnt know what they had coming for them. It was only the beginning of the worst. When the bombing began on September 7 and continued every night until November 2. Even though the consecutive nights of bombing ended it was still severe throughout 1941 and even into 1942. This first day of bombing was most dreadful. Most of us thought '...my God, what on earth is happening, this is it....we are finished', but of course, this was really only the beginning. Explosions were everywhere, there just was not a break, bang after bang after bang. The clang of bells from fire service vehicles and ambulances were drowned out by these bombs. You would here a whistle as a stick of bombs came down then a loud explosion as they hit factories and houses, the ground

The Raven Analysis Essay

The Raven Analysis Essay Free Online Research Papers Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Raven† is a dark reflection on lost love, death, and loss of hope. The poem examines the emotions of a young man who has lost his lover to death and who tries unsuccessfully to distract himself from his sadness through books. Books, however, prove to be of little help, as his nights become a nightmare and his solitude is shattered by a single visitor, the raven. In this poem, Poe uses symbolism, imagery, and tone, as well as a variety of poetic elements to suggest that the sorrow felt about the loss of a love can lead to insanity. Within the poem, Poe divides the characters and imagery into two conflicting aspects of light and dark in which darkness overwhelms the light. Almost everything in the poem reflects one world or the other. â€Å"For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore†. Lenore, who is repeatedly described as â€Å"radiant† epitomizes the world of light along with the angels, emphasize the light. â€Å"And the lamp-light oer him streaming throws his shadow on the floor†. The lamplight the character uses to light his chamber, bring the element of light in the otherwise dark and shadowy chamber. However, The Raven, as well as the dreary December night shows signs of darkness. â€Å"But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.† The raven is the darkest illustration in the poem and essentially it represents all the pain and grief that is slow pushes him to insanity. These images o f light and darkness go even further to represent love and grief. The man associates images of light in the poem with his love for Lenore and the dark images are associated with the grief of losing Lenore. Told from the third person, Poe also uses symbolism to create a strong melancholy tone. For instance, both midnight and December symbolize an end of something and the hope of something new to happen. Another example is the chamber in which the narrator is placed; this is used to show the loneliness of the man. Along with imagery and symbolism, Poe incorporates many poetic elements to express the characters feeling of sorrow and grief. These include assonance, alliteration, and rhyme. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. For example â€Å"For the rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels name Lenore.† This repeats the vowel sound of â€Å"a†. Poe also used a lot of alliteration. For example, â€Å"Doubting dreaming dreams no mortal ever, dared to dream before†. Observe the repetition of the â€Å"d† sound. Other examples of alliteration can be found in line 64; â€Å"Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore† Notice the repetition of the â€Å"f† sound at the beginning of the sentence. One last element used in â€Å"The Raven† is a rhyme. A good example of this can be found in the first stanza; dreary, weary, tapping, door, door, more. This is an abcbbb pattern. Each of these sound devices reinforces the meaning by emphasizing important words. Including many elements such as tone, imagery, and symbolism, Poe provided the reader with a better understanding of what exactly is going on in his poem. Without these elements, the reader may have never fully recognized Poe’s theme of death and sadness; loss and loneliness. Research Papers on Analysis Essay of the "The Raven"Albatross and Rimm of the Ancient MarinerLove DivorceTartaros A Place of Ultimate PunishmentThe Damnable Life of FaustThe Broken FamilyThe Gnostic JesusThe Colour PurpleHenderson the Rain KingDefinition of Export QuotasEmmett Till Biography

Schedule and Cost Control Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Schedule and Cost Control Techniques - Essay Example Project Evaluation and Review Technique or PERT as it is called is a model of project management which is basically designed to analyze and represent various tasks related with the project management. CPM or critical path method is the technique developed by DuPont essentially to address the issue of shutting down the plants and then restarting them. In its essence CPM models the activities and events of a project as a network. (NetMBA, 2008) This therefore provides a graphical overview of the project and the project is seen as a series of visualizations of the various interconnected activities related with the project. A) PERT and CPM both view projects as a group of activities which are complex as well as sequential in nature. However both the models also outline some of the activities which can be performed parallel also. B) Both the methodologies consider a project as a series of events which can be performed in order to achieve the desired goals of the project however what is different between the two approaches is the fact that there remains a high degree of uncertainty regarding the completion of project related activities. PERT though is a good method but lacks a clear path to define the timelines attached to various activities of the project. C) One of the most important and a basic difference between the two approaches is the fact that PERT view the project related activities and time association with them as random variables whereas CPM demands a clear, singe deterministic value for each activity related with the project. Thus in doing so both the techniques, if used for project estimation ad scheduling would view both the activities in different time dimensions. For our proposed project of the new email integration, both the tools can be effectively utilized however what is most important is the fact that given the scope and limitations

Exhibit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exhibit - Assignment Example Consequently, it gives a description of the relationship exhibited between the five art works and how they are related to the exhibition theme, which is War. This exhibition will entail a scenario where artworks depicting effects of war, beginning from the world war would be placed next to each other; however, it the first artwork that will be presented will describe events that occur just before war. The arrangement of all the five artworks is made in a more chronological manner. This is considered one of the most creative artwork in London; it was created by Walter Bayes in 1918. It shows a scenario of the underworld who sought refuge in a Tube-like station in London, when it was raided through air, hence making it relevant to the exhibition theme. It is an effective representation of the consequences of war and how it affects grass root community as depicted in this picture (The underworld society are left homeless and have sought refuge in a Tube-like station). Just like the above art exhibitions, this piece narrates an event of World War I as it happened in London This art work, which is a photograph represents the effects of war in Africa, specifically, the Central African Republic. It shows a soldier, captured after being suspected to belong to a former rebel group. The photograph was taken by Issouf Sanogo. Unlike the first art work exhibited in this discussion, this is art work is referred as a photograph usually created by cameras that take instant images. The first art work is a drawing made by hand and may usually take longer periods of time to create. Similarly to the third exhibition, this artwork represents the effects of war. It was created by John Singer in 1919 to exhibit how Western Front soldiers suffered an attack through the use of Mustard Gas. In addition, this piece was meant to show the magnitude of bravery as it was shown by the Soldiers who lost their lives from the Mustard gas as well as those who survived. The relevance of this

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Euthanasia - Essay Example For example, a doctor who decides to give a lethal injection to his patient who had given him the advance directive not to hasten his death and is now unconscious suffers his/her final stages of an illness that is terminal. There are times when the terms used in defining euthanasia bring about confusion or not clear like the use of the word â€Å"mercy killing† in describing non-voluntary and voluntary euthanasia situations. Countries like European and most especially Netherlands, the major differences between euthanasia, homicide, suicide, and suicides that are assisted are clear. In Canada and the United States, suicide assisted deaths and suicide assisted by physicians are confusing many people when used. Assisted suicide is when the acts of killing an individual are intentional. The word assisted has been added to mean that there is an individual who is providing assistance in the suicide act hence supplies the means like lethal medication prescription or gun, the specific knowledge on how to induce the medicine or use the gun appropriately, or both means and knowledge. North America has used the term assisted suicide in the media industry to mean that act which is directed by an individual intentionally to end the life of another. The reason behind this is because the legal sanctions associated with assisted suicide are less than those of killing a person with an intention of relieving them from the pain of a long term illness thus referred to as â€Å"euthanasia.† Jack Kevorkian a pathologist who made headlines in 1990 for killing over 130 people put his claims of participation in those deaths as that of assisted deaths and not euthanasia. There exists a very fine line between assisted suicide and euthanasia. For instance, Northern Territory of Australia between July 1996 and March 1997 legalized euthanasia through the use of a computer machine that pumped lethal substance to the individual after he/she successfully answers the question aske d by the computer and presses the required key. There are those arguments that are in favor of euthanasia based on individual liberty beliefs and situations of life considered unacceptable. These arguments in favor of euthanasia are based on religious/moral values and those of value and human life quality. The good death is the one that a person falls into eternal sleep thus euthanasia assures an individual dies dignifiedly and appropriately. David Hume a philosopher agreed that an individual has a right to choose the kind of death they would want hence emphasizes on individual liberty value. The right to human dignity maintenance aims at avoiding poor life quality during the process of death than to seek a particular way of having a good idealized death, as is the case of good death. There are also arguments against euthanasia which include sanctity of human life, the wrong diagnoses and new treatments given to patients, the slope that is wedged or slippery, disadvantaged, weak, an d incompetent protection, wrong reasons of choosing death, clinical depression undiagnosed, physicians confidence eroded, and the compromise one makes when choosing to involve others in his/her death. Active and passive euthanasia Active euthanasia occurs in situations where another person or medical professions do something deliberately that,

Pure Culture Methods and Gram Staining

Pure Culture Methods and Gram Staining Individual and well separated colonies are crucial when working with bacterial cultures. Pure culture method involves the step of taking a small and well isolated colony and transferring it to a sterile growth medium in a suitable culture vessel (Ryan Ray, 2010). There are three types of commonly used methods to produce pure cultures. They are the streak plate, spread plate and pour plate. All these methods require the use of aseptic technique. Streak plate is suitable for the direct plating of media that contains a large number of cells. To prepare a streak plate, a colony or a loopful of bacteria culture will be taken using a sterile inoculating loop and then the sample will be streaked several times over the surface of the solid growth media. Single cells are obtained along the streak as each streak represents a dilution process. The bacteria will grow into a separate colony and to be used for pure culture after being incubated at optimum condition (Carter Wise, 2004). Another alternative to obtain pure culture is the spread plate method where a small volume of suspension is spread evenly over the surface of an agar plate. The bacteria colonies will be evenly distributed over the surface of the agar plate after incubation. Larger colonies are the colonies that are well isolated. Pure culture can also be done by using the pour plate method. The diluted sample is suspended in agar growth at about 50 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °c. The mixture is then poured into a suitable vessel and incubated. The bacteria colonies will grow throughout the agar plate. The colonies within the agar will be very tiny and difficult to see and count as compared to those which grow on the surface of the agar. Objectives: The purpose of conducting this experiment was to understand the principles and aim of obtaining pure cultures, to compare the separation of bacterial colonies using streak plate, pour plate and spread plate techniques and to observe and compare the colonial features of isolated bacterial colonies on solid nutrient media as well as the morphological cellular features of isolated bacterial colonies using the gram stain method. In addition, the experiment explained about the principles of gram stain method and allowed the interpretation of each of the steps in gram staining. Method: Refer to lab manual page 32-36. Results: In this experiment, mixture of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was used to prepare pure culture using the three methods which are the streak plate, spread plate and pour plate. The plates were incubated and the colony morphology of the plates was observed. The cellular morphology of the bacteria was determined using the gram stain method. The results were recorded and tabulated in a table. Table 1: colony morphology and cellular morphology of different organisms. Organism Colony morphology Cellular morphology Gram stain Shape Arrangement Bacillus cereus Irregular, opaque and cream in colour, flat Positive (purple colour) Rod Chain Escherichia coli Circular, center, smooth, translucent, white (small), raised (Cham Tan, Group 1). Negative (pink colour) Rod Cluster Staphylococcus aureus Circular, smooth, some yellow, some white, convex. Positive (purple colour) Cocci Cluster Discussion: 1) Bacillus cereus was obtained from the big bacteria colony. When observed from the agar plate, it appeared to be irregular in shape, flat, opaque and cream in colour. It is a gram positive bacteria. So when gram stain was performed, the bacteria appeared purple in colour under the microscope. Bacillus cereus is of rod shape and the arrangement is in the form of chain. It has ÃŽÂ ²- capsule and is non motile. For Escherichia coli, it was obtained from the medium colony. When observed from the agar plate, it appeared to be circular in shape and mostly was located at the center of the agar. The bacteria colony appeared to be smooth, translucent, and some were white in colour (Cham Tan, Group 1). Escherichia coli is a gram negative bacteria. Therefore, it was pink in colour under the microscope. It has rod shape and its arrangement is in cluster form. It is motile and is a type of non spore forming bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was from the small bacteria colony. It is circular, smooth, convex and some are yellow in colour while some are white in colour. It is a gram positive bacteria where it showed purple colour when under the microscope. The shape for Staphylococcus aureus is cocci and it is in cluster form. It is a non spore forming bacteria and is non motile. The cells seen in the original mixture matched with those obtained in the pure culture. Streak plate method is suitable for the direct plating of media that contains a large number of cells and as for spread plate method, a small volume of suspension is spread evenly over the surface of an agar plate. On the other hand, bacteria are suspended and grow throughout the agar plate for pour plate method. 2) Spread plate will be more suitable to produce well isolated single colonies from a broth culture that contains a mixture of organisms as the bacteria will be on the surface or the agar and not suspended. This way, the isolated colony can be counted and also be obtained easily compared to streak plate and pour plate method. When the bacteria is taken from a mixed broth culture, the colonies will grow and overlapping each other after being incubated. When the bacteria is incubated using pour plate method, the bacteria grown will be smaller and it will be harder to obtain a well isolated colony as they grow throughout the media. Agar has a higher melting temperature than gelatin. Gelatin will melt and becomes soft when bacteria is being incubated on gelatin media at their optimum temperature which is 37 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °c. 3) Agar is used in preference to gelatin for making solid media as agar will remain solid at the optimum temperature for the growth of most bacteria. Therefore, the property of agar makes it to be more effective than gelatin as a solidifying agent (Muir Ritchie, 1953). 4) Bacteria that are well separated grow as isolated colonies without affecting the growth process as these bacteria cell do not merge or overlap with other bacteria cells in compete for sources. The growth of isolated bacteria will not be limited by the depletion of the nutrients (Cruickshank, 2005) 5) Individual colony does not always consist of one type of bacterium as the bacteria could be from a mixed culture of different organisms. Therefore, an individual colony does not always originate from a single parent cell. Before staining process, bacteria culture has to be dried and fixed. Heat fixation is convenient and it retains the cell wall structure. 6) Smear preparation has to be heat fixed through the Bunsen burner flame to kill the bacteria and make them adhere to the slide. Besides, it will also allow the cells to stain better during the staining process. A good smear preparation will allow a better microscopic view of the bacteria cellular features. Correct techniques in preparation of smear are important. 7) If the whole colony is used to make the smear, the smear will be too thick. Thick smear will cause the difficulties in distinguishing individual cell. In addition, the stain might not be completely washed out. If the bacteria used is gram negative, the cells will appear purple in colour giving gram positive results which is wrong. If the bacteria is gram positive, the intensity of purple colour will be so high that it will not be easy to differentiate the cellular features of the cell. 8) Cell wall determines the shape of a cell. Cells that lose their cell wall will change its shape. However, changing the shape of the cells will not affect the reaction to gram stain. Hence, there will be no association between cell shape and reaction to gram stain The cell wall structure of gram positive bacteria is different from the cell wall structure of gram negative bacteria. The cell wall of gram positive bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer while the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria is thinner. The thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of gram positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye and stain purple even after decolourisation but for gram negative bacteria, it is decolourised by the decolourising agent. Gram negative bacteria retain the second dye and stain pink. 9) The cell wall structure of a bacterial cell is important to determine its gram reaction. 10) The third step which is the decolourisation step of the gram staining procedure is important to determine the outcome of the result. The time taken should not be too long or too short as over-decolourising will cause the cell not able to retain the crystal violet dye and appear colourless. If the decolourising time is too short, the gram negative cells will remain purple giving a gram positive result. Conclusion: In conclusion, pure culture can be obtained by using several methods which are the streak plate method, spread plate method and pour plate method. Using the pure culture, the separation of bacterial colonies, the colonial features and cellular features can be compared. Aseptic technique should be followed all the time to prevent introducing new contaminants to the environment.

Tourism in Thailand :: essays research papers

Tourism in Thailand’s National Parks: The Problems it Brings â€Å"Rainforests are currently being destroyed at a rate of over 200,000 square kilometers a year according to the US National Academy of Sciences† (Wheeler). Some of these rainforests are located in Thailand’s national parks. In Thailand, there are 15 national parks set aside for conservation, though only 80% of these parks remain intact today. These Parks represent approximately 13% of Thailand’s land. The purpose of these parks is for the conservation of the forests and wildlife, educational tours and research studies, as well as recreational adventure (Wheeler). In 1961, The Royal Forest Department (RFD) of Thailand passed the National Park Act. This act stated that activities which endanger any resource within the park boundaries are strictly prohibited. These activities include settlement, land ownership, grazing, the manipulation of waterways, geological deterioration, logging, hunting, and colleting of forest products. These provisions obviously do not a pply to park officials who protect and maintain the park for education, technical research, and facilitate recreational activities† (Pipithvanichtham). One of the main reasons for the Thai government’s plan to expand tourism facilities in the national parks is to bring in foreign money into the economy through tourism to these areas. However, there are concerns that the effects of increasing tourism in these areas will lead to mismanagement, corruption, and environmental destruction. Therefore, the Thai government should not be promoting tourism in Thailand’s national parks. The government claims that problems associated with tourism in national parks can be dealt with by careful planning and with the participation of government agencies. For example, the RFD is making an effort to protect the National Parks. The RFD plans to update their existing park laws and regulations to make them more suitable for the modern times. The RFD and the Kasetsart University conducted a training session for all national park chiefs to provide them a chance to learn about park management policies. The RFD hopes to develop some means of cooperation with other countries, particularly in the fields of expertise which it lacks† (Pipithvanichtham). While the RFD has a plan, it will require money to enact it. Currently, there is not enough money to fund this plan coupled with governmental mismanagement. The parks are not funded well enough, which has caused the amount of upkeep in the parks to decrease. The cost of managing Thailand’s national parks is met using the government’s central budget and park entrance fees.